![]() ![]() On the Continent, existentialism dominated.Ludwig Wittgenstein reduced philosophy to the study of language, arguing that philosophers could not make meaningful statements about God, freedom, morality, and so on.In English-speaking countries, logical empiricism dominated.World War I accelerated change in philosophical thought.He believed that after the workers’ revolution a small revolutionary elite would have to run society. Georges Sorel (1847–1922) described Marxian socialism as an inspiring religion, not a scientific truth.The Frenchman Henri Bergson (1859–1941) argued that immediate experience and intuition were at least as important as rational thinking and science.He called for superior individuals to recognize the emptiness of social convention and the meaninglessness of individual life. Before World War I, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) proclaimed that the optimistic Christian order of the West was obsolete, and that it stifled creativity and excellence.◊ Listen to Chapter 28 (Houghton Mifflin Flash Player with closed captions)
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